In the realm of fluid dynamics, the concept of streamlines serves as a visual representation of fluid flow. For gases in steady motion, streamlines trace paths that remain constant over time. These smooth, continuous lines exemplify orderly and predictable movement. Conversely, turbulent flows exhibit chaotic and unpredictable patterns, with stream

Semiconductors play a vital role in modern electronics due to their ability to regulate the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence band is